Carbon allocation among tree organs: A review of basic processes and representation in functional-structural tree models

نویسنده

  • André Lacointe
چکیده

Carbon assimilates flow from “source” areas such as leaves to “sink” areas where they are taken up and used. The assimilate fluxes from sources to sinks are mainly dependent on the source-sink distances and on the respective abilities of the different sinks to take up and use the assimilates that are available to them. The widely accepted, basic mechanism of assimilate movement by mass-flow, although conceptually simple, has so far proved too complex for practical modeling purposes in whole tree systems. Four main modeling approaches can be found in current models: (i) models involving empirically determined allocation coefficients; (ii) models based on growth rules, including functional balance or “goal-seeking” principles; (iii) transport-resistance models; (iv) models based on relative sink strength, with two main sub-classes: “hierarchical” and “proportional” models. These different model classes can be conceptually closer to each other than is readily apparent. They are presented in relation to their generality and ability to account for complex architectures or responses to environmental changes. The feedback relationship of allocation to growth is pointed out. assimilate / partitioning / source / sink / model Résumé – La répartition du carbone entre organes chez les arbres : processus de base et représentation dans les modèles « structure-fonction ». Les assimilats carbonés circulent de zones « sources » telles les feuilles, vers des « puits » où ils sont prélevés et utilisés. Ces flux d’assimilats dépendent principalement des distances entre sources et puits ainsi que des capacités respectives des différents puits à prélever et utiliser les assimilats disponibles. Il est largement admis aujourd’hui que le mécanisme de base de la translocation est un flux de masse. Mais malgré sa simplicité conceptuelle, la simulation de ce processus implique des calculs trop complexes pour une modélisation pratique. On trouve actuellement quatre approches modélisatrices principales : (i) l’utilisation de coefficients d’allocation empiriques ; (ii) la mise en œuvre de règles de croissance, notamment des équilibres fonctionnels et autres principes téléonomiques ; (iii) l’analogie électrique avec des résistances ; (iv) des règles de répartition basées sur les « forces » relatives des différents puits (modèles hiérarchiques et modèles proportionnels). Ces diverses classes de modèles sont parfois conceptuellement moins éloignées les unes des autres qu’il n’y paraît. Elles sont présentées en relation avec leur généralité et leur capacité à rendre compte d’une architecture complexe ou des influences de l’environnement. On souligne l’importance des rétroactions entre allocation et croissance. assimilats / allocation / source / puits / modèle Ann. For. Sci. 57 (2000) 521–533 521 © INRA, EDP Sciences * Correspondence and reprints Tel. 04 73 62 43 67; Fax. 04 73 62 44 54; e-mail: [email protected]

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تاریخ انتشار 2000